An Experience I Will Never Forget

The day was near, it was ten days for the concert, and all the days I asked my father for permission and the money. One day after he was saying the same thing, my father finally said â€Å"yes†, and he gave me the money. He told me that it was the gift for my birthday. I was so happy and I immediately called my friend for saying about the news. The next day we bought the ticket and only were for the big concert missing two days. We couldn’t believe that we would be in the most waited place, so on Saturday November 26th; we never thought that in few hours, we would sing all the song of our favorite band. My friend and I were so excited but when we were on the subway, almost arriving to the â€Å"Auditorium†, the subway was overcrowded and we were so nervous. When we arrived to the â€Å"Auditorium†, we sat in the chairs, and we were waiting for the band to go out. The lights turned off and all the auditory screamed like crazy people for the band. The orchestra began to play one of my favorite songs. Peep, the singer appeared in the scene. That moment was so awesome and exciting for me, and the entire place was singing each one of the songs. The singer said the surprise of the night; it was that they would record a CD with DVD of the entire concert. I was so crazy for the big news and my friend began to cry.

Mind Your Own Business Essay

What makes someone a successful entrepreneur? It certainly helps to have strong technology skills or expertise in a key area, but these are not defining characteristics of entrepreneurship. Instead, the key qualities are traits such as creativity, the ability to keep going in the face of hardship, and the social skills needed to build great teams. If you want to start a business, it’s essential to learn the specific skills that underpin these qualities. It’s also important to develop entrepreneurial skills if you’re in a job role where you’re expected to develop a business, or â€Å"take things forward† more generally. It’s very easy to get lost trying to rate ourselves against our peers or even rate ourselves around society when it comes to success. Its actually depressing at times and inconclusive as you often get side tracked comparing apples to oranges. In our quest for success, we often look for some sort of ranking system to gauge how well we are doing and unfortunately decide to use others as the measure. It is often an inaccurate scale as so many factors come into play, so many that it makes it unfair to compare yourself to others on any level. There are so many circumstances that dictate success it makes it impossible to find multiple people with identical circumstances to compare us to. Since we cannot compare ourselves to others, we must become our own competition and strive for perfection daily in order to move forward. We ultimately set the velocity at which we move. The results however are none that can be compared to others as every situation is as unique as the next. The real point here is why do we worry about what others are doing if we ultimately shouldn’t compare ourselves to them. The answer is jealousy and should end immediately. If you are someone that often finds yourself worrying about what others are doing, how they are doing it and where their wealth comes from, then start minding your own business and instead focus your energy on yourself and your work which is what will get you there, not finding out if your neighbor is in the Mafia or indeed a real estate guru. The best way to check if you are yourself is to ask yourself if you often form conclusions when faced with an individual who has attained a higher level of monetary success. Do you often find yourself guessing that perhaps this person was given wealth from past generations or that they are involved in negative activities that have led to financial success? One should rather focus our energy and efforts on our own growth and not criticize others whose level of success is above ours. If you find yourself in such a negative position where a friend or relative seems to feel that way, then identify them as one whose lack of effort and lack of motivation is ultimately going to be the reason they fail, and separate yourself from that energy instantly. Defining Entrepreneurship Some experts think of entrepreneurs as people who are willing to take risks that other people are not. Others define them as people who start and build successful businesses. Thinking about the first of these definitions, entrepreneurship doesn’t necessarily involve starting your own business. Many people who don’t work for themselves are recognized as entrepreneurs within their organizations. Regardless of how you define an â€Å"entrepreneur,† one thing is certain: becoming a successful entrepreneur isn’t easy. So, how does one person successfully take advantage of an opportunity, while another, equally knowledgeable person does not? Do entrepreneurs have a different genetic makeup? Or do they operate from a different vantage point, that somehow directs their decisions for them? Though many researchers have studied the subject, there are no definitive answers. What we do know is that successful entrepreneurs seem to have certain traits in common. Check for yourself if you have these traits: †¢Interpersonal skills. †¢Critical and creative thinking skills. †¢Practical skills. Optimism: Are you an optimistic thinker? Optimism is truly an asset, and it will help get you through the tough times that many entrepreneurs experience as they find a business model that works for them. Vision: Can you easily see where things can be improved? Can you quickly grasp the â€Å"big picture,† and explain this to others? And can you create a compelling vision of the future, and then inspire other people to engage with that vision? Initiative: Do you have initiative, and instinctively start problem-solving or business improvement projects? Desire for Control: Do you enjoy being in charge and making decisions? Are you motivated to lead others? Drive and Persistence: Are you self-motivated and energetic? And are you prepared to work hard, for a very long time, to realize your goals? Risk Tolerance: Are you able to take risks, and make decisions when facts are uncertain? Resilience: Are you resilient, so that you can pick yourself up when things don’t go as planned? And do you learn and grow from your mistakes and failures? Interpersonal Skills As a successful entrepreneur, you’ll have to work closely with people – this is where it is critical to be able to build great relationships with your team, customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, and more. Some people are more gifted in this area than others, but, fortunately, you can learn and improve these skills. The types of interpersonal skills you’ll need include: Leadership and Motivation: Can you lead and motivate others to follow you and deliver your vision? And are you able to delegate work to others? As a successful entrepreneur, you’ll have to depend on others to get beyond a very early stage in your business – there’s just too much to do all on your own! Communication Skills: Are you competent with all types of communication? You need to be able to communicate well to sell your vision of the future to investors, potential clients, team members, and more. Listening: Do you hear what others are telling you? Your ability to listen can make or break you as an entrepreneur. Make sure that you’re skilled at active listening and empathetic listening. Personal Relations: Are you emotionally intelligent? The higher your EI, the easier it will be for you to work with others. The good news is that you can improve your emotional intelligence! Negotiation: Are you a good negotiator? Not only do you need to negotiate keen prices, you also need to be able to resolve differences between people in a positive, mutually beneficial way. Ethics: Do you deal with people based on respect, integrity, fairness, and truthfulness? Can you lead ethically? You’ll find it hard to build a happy, committed team if you deal with people – staff, customers or suppliers – in a shabby way. Critical and Creative Thinking Skills As an entrepreneur, you also need to come up with fresh ideas, and make good decisions about opportunities and potential projects. Many people think that you’re either born creative or you’re not. However, creativity is a skill that you can develop if you invest the time and effort. Creative Thinking: Are you able to see situations from a variety of perspectives and come up with original ideas? (There are many creativity tools that will help you do this.) Problem Solving: How good are you at coming up with sound solutions to the problems you’re facing? Tools such as Cause & Effect Analysis, the 5 Whys Technique, and CATWOE are just some of the problem-solving tools that you’ll need to be familiar with. Recognizing Opportunities: Do you recognize opportunities when they present themselves? Can you spot a trend? And are you able to create a plan to take advantage of the opportunities you identify? Practical Skills You also need the practical skills and knowledge needed to produce goods or services effectively, and run a company. Goal Setting: Do you regularly set goals, create a plan to achieve them, and then carry out that plan? Planning and Organizing: Do you have the talents, skills, and abilities necessary to achieve your goals? Can you coordinate people to achieve these efficiently and effectively. And do you know how to develop a coherent, well thought-through business plan, including developing and learning from appropriate financial forecasts? Decision Making: How good are you at making decisions? Do you make them based on relevant information and by weighing the potential consequences? And are you confident in the decisions that you make? Core decision-making tools include Decision Tree Analysis, Grid Analysis, and Six Thinking Hats. You need knowledge in several areas when starting or running a business. For instance: Business knowledge: Do you have a good general knowledge of the main functional areas of a business (sales, marketing, finance, and operations), and are you able to operate or manage others in these areas with a reasonable degree of competence? Entrepreneurial knowledge: Do you understand how entrepreneurs raise capital? And do you understand the sheer amount of experimentation and hard work that may be needed to find a business model that works for you? Opportunity-specific knowledge: Do you understand the market you’re attempting to enter, and do you know what you need to do to bring your product or service to market? Venture-specific knowledge: Do you know what you need to do to make this type of business successful? And do you understand the specifics of the business that you want to start? Conclusion: As a dreamer, you need to understand its significance and mind your own business. Never lose track of your vision for your life. Do not ever get so busy making a living that you forget to live your life.

Safety

Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by heir same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others. Safety means protecting ourselves from any danger that may hurt us or endanger to our lives. Unsafe practice is a great peril to both life and property. A two wheeler rider who rides recklessly not only risks his own life, but also the other road users. School children getting run over by their same school vans or getting knocked down while crossing the road or getting drowned in die pond or falling from high places or getting electrocuted and so on; such news appear in the newspapers. This is because of their lack of knowledge about overall safety, be it 011 die road or anywhere. While crossing die road, they must not run across in blind panic. Wait till the traffic policeman or the green ‘Walk’ signal appear. Even then look for some vehicle drivers who jump signals and cross die road with the others.

Applying value expectancy theory, or the theory of reasoned action or Research Paper

Applying value expectancy theory, or the theory of reasoned action or planned behavior, to a potential HIV prevention program in Tanzania - Research Paper Example Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS) together form a disease that has decimated a lot of people globally and has seen the productive people fall to it (Whiteside 2008). As of 2007/08, the HIV prevalence rate in Tanzania had fallen to 5.7% with women having 6.6% while men had 4.6%. This was a fall from 7.0% with 7.7% in the 6,000 women who were tested and 4.3% in men, 4,900 of whom were tested. This information was accessed from the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2009. As a result of this intervention, the women in Tanzania are anticipated to revolutionize in several ways. First of all, the women are expected to become more assertive in the households as far as sex is concerned. This translates that women being able to negotiate for sex with their partners and in effect increase the use of condoms. At the same time, the high risk category is projected to be knowledgeable on the benefits of using condoms. They are expected to start taking precautionary measures, as well as, educating their fellow women on the same. The high risk group in this case mainly encompasses commercial sex workers. The value of assessing this behavioral intention is to allow the strategists redesign ineffective messages and also allow the formulation of more effective and up-to-date version. As Fishbein (2000) has stated, there is no need to formulate new theories of behavior change. The existing ones are effective when applied well. In that regard, as he has stated, targeting a specific behavior for change will effectively bring about the needed change. If the women can be well informed of the risks that they face through unprotected sex, they can then change for the better. This figure displays the interrelationship of different factors in the shaping of behavior. This model, espoused by Fishbein (2000), indicated the way that behavior of women using condoms will be

Reflective memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective memo - Essay Example However, after some guidance and researching I was able to grasp the concepts required in an editorial and successfully wrote one. I learnt valuable information not only on the structure of an editorial but also on other aspects such as different types of editorials and the important aspects to be included in it. This course also required a student to conduct a movie evaluation. The challenge about this is that people have different views about movies and this influences how they conduct movie evaluations. Here, I was supposed to avoid subjective views on the movie and conduct an objective evaluation, which was a challenge. However, I was able to conduct a successful movie evaluation on a film called The Blind Side. This involved watching the film more than once and picking important aspects about it such as characterization, the themes and cinematography among others. I learnt important skills and knowledge on evaluating movies in terms of the different aspects present in the movie and ensure that subjective views are kept away from the evaluation. This course also included preparing a proposal and an annotated bibliography that would be used in a final research paper. The challenge regarding putting up the proposal was on the fact that I was supposed to choose a researchable topic from a variety of topics, some of which were either redundant or non-researchable. On the annotated bibliography, the challenge involved choosing sources that could give as much information on the topic as required rather than just choosing general sources on the topic. This could only happen by choosing credible sources, something that was not easy to do. However, I overcame these challenges and successfully wrote a proposal and an annotated bibliography that I used to write the research paper. With regard to the research paper, I learnt important skills in writing a well thought out research paper that

Critically discuss the Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of Assignment

Critically discuss the Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability of the International Strategy of an Organisation - Assignment Example This in turn has resulted in increasing internationalisation of the businesses. More and more multinational organisations are operating in different countries because of the increasing globalisation. There are different reasons and motives behind the decision of internalisation. According to Johnson and Turner (2003), the reasons and motives of the organisations behind pursuing internationalisation strategy can be divided into following broad categories: 1. Resource Seeking 2. Market Seeking 3. Efficiency Seeking 4. Strategic Asset Seeking Apart from this different approaches to enter into international market are being used by the organisations. Different market entry modes available to the organisations are presented in the figure below: (Adapted from Johnson and Turner, 2003) According to Wrigley (2000), Coe (2003), and Sanghavi (2000), the international expansion by the retail organisations started relatively later as compared to that of the manufacturing organisations but there have been considerable growth and development in the international expansion by the retail organisations in the last fifteen years. It is relatively difficult for the retail organisations to pursue the strategy of international expansion. The retail organisations do not have a single product which they can export to different markets. These retail organisations offer different products which are supplied by different manufacturers and along with this provide the shoppers with a complete experience. Hence it can be said that the business of retailing also has intangible service element. Along with this the products provided by the retail organisations have different consumer preferences and tastes in different regions. For this reason, it is not easy for the retail organisations to expand in different geographical markets and regions. The retail organisations are provided with two different strategic options in order to expand their business operations internationally i.e. global and multinational strategies. The retail organisations which implement the global strategy follow the same format and strategies all over the world. On the other hand the retail organisations which implement the multinational strategy adapt and change the practices according to local preferences. (Alexander and Myers, 2000) In this report an attempt has been made in order to analyse and discuss the suitability, feasibility, and acceptability of the internationalisation strategy of United Kingdom largest retail organisation, Tesco. COMPANY BACKGROUND: Tesco is the one of the biggest and largest retail organisation in United Kingdom. The company is not only operating in the retail industry but has also expanded in several other industries and markets. Apart from this the company is known for its rapid and successful international expansion in different regions (Palmer, 2005). The company has been successfully operating in 13 different countries of the world. Tesco is a successful multina tional retail organisation and is the third largest retail organisation in the whole world on the basis of revenues. The company is still looking to further expand its international operations (Wood, 2011) INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF TESCO: The management of Tesco is making all possible efforts in order to make sure to achieve the strategic of ongoing expansion in the international market. Currently, the retail organization is operating in 13 different countries all over the globe including Europe, North America, and Asia.

Korean Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Korean Art - Essay Example The painting largely uses the primary color red. Blue is also used but not as much as red. The most prominent secondary color is green. White and brown define the colors of the subjects’ skin and the collars of their clothes. In general, the colors form an attractive combination that perhaps reflects the cultural background of the painter or the subjects. With the many images of different sizes and shapes, there are different lines used in the painting. Thick brush strokes were used to show the prominent parts of the image. For instance, the backrest of the chairs of Indra and Brahma are painted with thick brush strokes detailing the images forming curved lines. There are also lines not so heavily thickened like the brushstrokes on the clothes of the images which give the design and folds. Thin lines are used to define more detailed parts of the images such as the edges of images. For instance, the designs of the headdresses are given more details through the use of thin lines . With the various images portrayed in the painting, it has been necessary to use not only different thickness of lines but also different shaped lines such as curve, diagonal, horizontal, vertical and straight. The swords held by the guardians are some examples that show the aforementioned differences in direction and form of lines. Moreover, there are also different shapes and forms used in the painting. The shapes like the blue decorations used in the background have indefinite shapes but they are closed figures that are used for some purpose by the painter. Other forms are shown in the headdresses and the heads of some of the subjects. The painting is two-dimensional, laid on a flat canvass that it has features similar to a photograph. The subjects facing the... With the many images of different sizes and shapes, there are different lines used in the painting. Thick brush strokes were used to show the prominent parts of the image. For instance, the backrest of the chairs of Indra and Brahma are painted with thick brush strokes detailing the images forming curved lines. There are also lines not so heavily thickened like the brushstrokes on the clothes of the images which give the design and folds. Thin lines are used to define more detailed parts of the images such as the edges of images. For instance, the designs of the headdresses are given more details through the use of thin lines. With the various images portrayed in the painting, it has been necessary to use not only different thickness of lines but also different shaped lines such as curve, diagonal, horizontal, vertical and straight. The swords held by the guardians are some examples that show the aforementioned differences in direction and form of lines.Moreover, there are also diffe rent shapes and forms used in the painting. The shapes like the blue decorations used in the background have indefinite shapes but they are closed figures that are used for some purpose by the painter. Other forms are shown in the headdresses and the heads of some of the subjects. The painting is two-dimensional, laid on a flat canvass that it has features similar to a photograph. The subjects facing the viewer straight forward have a seemingly photographic effect that shows two dimensions. However, there are also three dimensional figures.

Partnership Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Partnership Law - Essay Example Partners' liabilities are differently prescribed in that liability caused by any error of one partner need not affect the other partners. State registration is required but some of the states stipulate that partners should take liability insurance or has adequate assets to meet likely claims. This is very much applicable to firms of professionals like accountants, lawyers, architects. Not all the states recognize them. A partner's interest in an LLP can be assigned to third parties in which the assignee gets only the financial benefit and he can not take part in the management nor can he become a partner. There can be more than two partners. An LLP will stand dissolved on the death of a partner and on filing dissolution deed with the Sate authority. A clear advantage of an LLP is that it need not conduct annual meetings and maintain minutes of meetings though it has the features of a limited company. Profit is not taxable at the hands of the firm but that of the individual partners. One disadvantage is that a partner of an LLP can bind his share without the other partners. ... An LLP name with the above letters can not be registered unless it ends with them. It is an offence to use an LLP's name if the Secretary of State so considers and if the name already exists for an LLP or a registered company. The summary of the act states that main feature of the act is that it offers organisational flexibility and limited liability of the partners.2 The overview of the Act says that an LLP has an unlimited capacity and can act as a separate legal entity as any natural person would. It can contract and own properties and can continue to exist if there is any change in the membership. It implies that any third party can transact with the LLP as an entity unlike in case of traditional partnership where in third party is presumed to deal with the partners jointly and severally. If a partner of LLP is negligent only the firm can be proceeded with and not the individual partner by virtue of limited liability. But in a recent case law 3states that liability by an individu al negligent partner causing economic loss to the clients depends the fact of any specific assumption personal responsibility of the partner concerned and whether the client also relied on the responsibility of the individual partner. Section 4 (1) Companies Act 2006 defines a private limited company as any company which is not a public limited company. Hence in order to understand that, what a public limited company means must be seen. As per section 4(2) of the act, a public limited company whose liability is limited to the extent of its share capital or to the extent of any guarantee where there is no share capital and its certificate of incorporation must state that it is public limited.4 As per section 9 of Partnership Act 1890, partners'

Global Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Intervention - Essay Example US interventions, based on the imposition of democracy on unwilling nations during the Cold War, led to such entanglements as Vietnam. The intervention in Afghanistan may be justified in the light of the WTC attacks. However, the contemporary intervention in Uganda merely uses Kony and his Lord’s Resistance Army as pretext to appropriate control of Ugandan oil reserves. If US global intervention is justified, it logically follows that all other countries also have the right to intervene in the United States to protect their own economic or political interests. Of course, the US remains impervious to such retaliatory action because its status as a superpower, with unmatched military and economic might, puts it beyond the reach of most nations. This state of affairs is the cause of the growing resentment against the strong-arm tactics employed by America. Markets, investment opportunities, and natural resources are crucial to all nations. These do not constitute justifiable conditions for global interventions. The days of colonization and empire are irrevocably gone. It is time the United States realizes that assuming the role of a Global Policeman, wielding the big stick to impose its writ on reluctant nations, will not contribute to national interest. This is particularly relevant in these times of economic depression, when strong relationships with other nations, based on mutual respect of equal partners, will beast contribute to US

History Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Final Exam - Assignment Example In return, serfs looked after the lord’s land, took care for his animals and carried out other everyday jobs to sustain the estate. Peasant women contributed in the farm labor with their husbands. All peasants whether free or serfs were indebted with particular jobs to the lord. These included no less than a few days of toil every week and a specified share of their grain. The manor was for the most part a self-reliant community where serfs and peasants brought up or created almost all that they and their lord required for everyday life. For the license of living on the lord’s property, peasants paid off a lofty price. They paid a levy on all grain pounded in the lord’s mill. Peasants also paid a tax on matrimony. Weddings occurred only with the lord’s permission. Following all these expenditures to the lord, peasant families were obligated to the community priest a tithe or church tax. For the majority of serfs, life was work and more work. Back in the 7th and 8th centuries, in the Middle East, one of the fastest growing and now the second largest religion in the world was just emerging. Muhammad, its founder, was born in roughly around 570 C.E. in the city of Mecca in the Arabian Peninsula. At 40, he started to experience a succession of spiritual encounters and later taught a stringent monotheism. There is only one God and that is Allah. Proper religious conviction, as said by him, is made up solely in the surrender to Allah’s will. In a few years after his death, everything he taught were documented in Islam’s holy book, the Qur’an. Subsequently, Islam widened with boundless intensity all over the Mediterranean world starting from the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East to North Africa, the Western world and even to the boundaries of India and China. In approximately 30 after Muhammad’s death, a great split happened in Islam and was divided into Sunni and

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay The Diagnosis and Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder Introduction            Antisocial (dissocial) personality disorder is a person-oriented disorder which is majorly characterized by a universal pattern of violating other people’s rights.            It is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of altering, exploiting, or violating the rights of others (Franz, 1993, p.4).            It is said to begin in childhood or early adolescence and continues all the way into the adulthood stage. A person suffering from antisocial personality disorder can be identified after noting a gross disparity between the person’s behavior and the prevailing social norms.            Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder:            Persistent attitude of irresponsibility and failure to regard the social norms, policies and duties. Marked readiness to blame other people for the behavior that is responsible for the person being into conflict with the society. Extremely low level of tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, with violence included. Conspicuous lack of concerns for the feelings of other people in the society. Lack of adequate capacity to gain positively from experience, more specific punishment.            Generally, the treatment and diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder can be viewed from several different perspectives; depending on the major factor associated with the disorder.            Despite the fact that, conduct disorder is different from antisocial personality disorder, the presence of conduct disorder in either the childhood or the adolescence stage may in one way support the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is majorly based on behavioral patterns and personality traits of the person (.Frownfelter, Donna, Elizabeth 2006, p.61).            The diagnosis is somehow faced with a critically complex situation that inhibits its success; it is very difficult to obtain a reliable measure of personality traits. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder can be effective after a few conditions have been met; the person must be at least 18 years old before the diagnosis. There should also be evidence of conduct disorder in the person as a child, whether or not it was ever formally diagnosed by a professional. In the general population, antisocial personality disorder is found to be more prevalent in males than in female with a ratio of 3:1, thus careful investigation should be made to the male population as it is more vulnerable to the disorder. Similar to most personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder will generally decrease in intensity with age; with the people in the 40s and 50s experiencing few of the most extreme symptoms of the disorder. The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorde r is specifically done by a trained mental health professional, for instance, a psychologist or psychiatrist. This type of psychological diagnosis is beyond the level that can be addressed by family physicians and general practitioners due to inadequate skills to perform the operation. There are no; genetic, laboratory, or blood tests that are used in the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorders. Most of the people suffering from antisocial personality disorder, generally, do not often seek out treatment until the disorder significantly starts to interfere or in other words impact a person’s life. This in most cases happens when the coping resources of a person are stretched too thin to take care of stress and other life events. In the diagnosis process, the mental health professional compares the person’s symptoms and life history with the majorly known symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. The conclusion from the comparison will make a determination of whether your symptoms meet the criteria necessary for an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis.            The major causes of antisocial personality disorder are most likely due to biological and genetic factors, social factors (for instance, how a person interacts in his or her early development with family and friends and also other children), and psychological factors (the individual’s personality and temperament, modified by their environment and acquired coping skills to cope up with stress. If a person is suffering from antisocial personality disorder, from analytical researches, there is a slightly high chance of â€Å"passing down† the disorder to his or her siblings (Barron Frank, 1963, p.87). Psychotherapy            The treatment of antisocial personality disorder majorly involves the employment of long-term psychotherapy with a therapist equipped with enough experience in the field of this disorder.            The population that is suffering from antisocial personality disorder experiences a state of lacking connections between feelings and behaviors. The practice of helping the subject population on how to draw the lines between feelings and behaviors is of great benefit to the people suffering from antisocial personality disorder. In the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, threats are never an appropriate motivating method; by threatening to report their noncompliance with therapy to the courts or warden. However, it is appropriate to put more efforts to assist the people suffering from this disorder find better reasons that may be needed to work on this problem; for instance, submitting themselves to additional psychological examinations. The effective psychotherapy treatment for antisocial personality disorder is limited. Psychoanalytic approaches that reinforce appropriate behaviors and trying to make connections between the person’s actions and fe elings may be of greater assistance.            Emotions usually form a key element of treatment of antisocial personality disorder.            Patients often have had little or no significant emotionally-rewarding relationships in their lives.            In the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, a very close therapeutic relationship can only occur when a good and solid rapport has been established with the client and he or she can trust the therapist implicitly.            The issue of confidentiality is highly preserved in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder.            Since the clinician has to occasionally report on the patient’s progress in therapy, this should be done in a way that does not reveal the significant details of the therapy. The limitations of therapy should be discussed with the patient up-front, in a clear manner, to avoid later misunderstanding. The patient’s emotions form the basic platform of consideration from which various emotional states, like depression, are experienced. This calls for the clinician to be supportive and empathetic to the patient during this time (Gazzaniga, Heatherton, 2006, p.38).            Dealing with â€Å"safe issues† and discussing more real-life concerns, (one way of treating this disorder), is rather less effective in long term behavioral change as compared with an approach emphasizing the discovery and labeling of appropriate emotional states. The therapist should usually take a neutral stance in the matter of interacting with the authority figures. Often people suffering from antisocial disorder find themselves in a group setting, simply because they are not given any choices of treatment. This inhibits treatment, since in most of the groups the individual can remain emotionally-closed and has little reason to share with others. Family therapy is of great assistance in boosting education and understanding amongst the family members (.Frownfelter, Donna, Elizabeth 2006, p.84).            Philip W. Long, M.D. adds, †This confusion, guilt, the temptation to make restitution for the patient’s criminal acts, and the frustrations of working with someone who is seen to be quite ill but who will not be treated should all be discussed openly with family members.† Hospitalization            Antisocial personality disorder can also be treated through hospitalization even though, inpatient care is rarely appropriate. With this type of disorder, loss of freedom is one of the major characteristics and it may be more of a motivating factor than in other personality disorders; thus some specialized treatment facilities have commenced to treat people suffering from this disorder. This method utilizes a strict behavioral approach of placing patients on a token economy mainly considering their treatment progress. Little research has been conducted to confirm the long-term effectiveness of this method. As with other treatments of personality disorders, this method focuses on feelings and connecting antisocial behavior to appropriate feeling states. Since inpatient programs are found to be intensive and expensive, the treatment gains are maintained by the community follow up and support, either by the hospital or professionals, or with the use of self-help suppo rt groups. Medication; no research has suggested the effectiveness of medication in the treatment of this disorder.            Medication should only be used to treat clear, acute and serious Axis concurrent diagnoses (Kirk, 2005, p.101). Self-help strategies            Another method for the treatment of antisocial personality disorder is self-help strategies.            This method involves very few professionals hence it is often overlooked by the medical profession. Groups tailored specifically for antisocial personality disorder can facilitate the implementation of this method especially for the people with this disorder.            Individuals suffering from this disorder feel more at ease to discuss their feelings and behaviors in front of their peers in this type of supportive modality. Usually a group is of great help and beneficial to most people suffering from this disorder, only when they overcome their initial fears and hesitation to join such a group. There are several support groups existing in different parts of the world to help those who are affected by this disorder and share common experience and feelings. In a general field of view, antisocial personality disorder can be best managed if the affected are in a good rank to interact amongst them bravely (Barron Frank, 1963, p.98). Outpatient Therapy            Outpatient therapy is another method in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder even though it is found not to be very successful in the treatment.            This method is commonly executed with the children with the following specifications:-Have experienced serious injuries with them, are undergoing learning difficulties, arte experiencing some problems in the execution of their daily living obligations, have chronic as well as acute conditions that in one way or another inhibit their development (Zarit, 1980, p.76).            The treatment of antisocial personality disorders by the method of outpatient therapy involves a team of specialists conducts the exercise of evaluating each and every affected child after which a personalized treatment plan is formulated. The formulated team may comprise of highly skilled personnel such as; Language pathologists; whose main task is to evaluate the children’s communication with the world. Occupational therapists, who evaluate self care skills in the children with several types of diagnoses, and various levels of disabilities. Recreational therapists, whose main duty is to enhance and encourage high level of functional independence, leisure activities, and recreation via various techniques such as; group recreation and field trips, adaptive equipment specialists, who work in conjunction with the other therapists to establish a better way to assist the children in achieving their set of realistic goals. This is majorly achieved via the exercis e of designing and fabricating special equipment or improving the status of existing equipment. Physical therapists also form a major component of the formulated team since they aim at enhancing the children’s flexibility and mobility via play and exercise (Mann, 1989, p.56). Schema Therapy            In addition to the so far discussed methods of treating antisocial personality disorder, schema therapy is another effective method to serve the same purpose.            Schema therapy is an integrative approach to treatment that unites the best aspects of cognitive behavioral, interpersonal and psychoanalytic therapies into a single compact model.            It is best remarked to help people to change negative patterns with which they have long-lived.            The deeper patterns that are mainly targeted by this method in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder are enduring and self-defeating schemas which are said to begin early in life.            These patterns majorly comprise of dysfunctional thoughts and feelings; which pose obstacles for accomplishing one’s target goals as well as satisfying one’s needs. These patterns are worsened by enduring in most of the schema beliefs which in turn lead to enhancement of the antisocial personality disorder. This method (schema therapy) of treatment aims at assisting the affected person to disintegrate these negative schemas of thinking, behaving and feeling; (which are known to be very tenacious), to develop healthier alternatives to substitute them (Wade, Tavris, 2000, p.49). Stages of schema therapy            Firstly, the assessment phase; in this stage, schemas are identified during the initial sessions. Questionnaires can also be used to get a clear picture of the constituent schemas involved.            Secondly, the emotional awareness and experiential phase; in this stage, patients get in touch with the respective schemas and acquire some knowledge on how to deal with the schemas when they are carrying out their obligations in their day-to-day life (Vreeswijk, Broersen, 2012, p.128).            Thirdly and lastly, the behavioral change stage; this is the focus stage during which the affected person is actively involved in substituting negative, behaviors and habitual thoughts with new and healthy behavioral patterns.            On a broad base, the goal of schema therapy is to assist patients to have their core emotional needs met. This is achieved by learning how to carry out the following practices:-            Heal schemas and vulnerable modes by having the needs met in and outside of the therapeutic relationship. Establish healthy behavioral patterns and modes. Abandon the usage of maladaptive coping styles and modes that pose an obstacle to contact with feelings. Adopt reasonable limits for angry, overcompensating or impulsive behavioral patterns and modes.            In schema therapy, an imagery dialogue between the â€Å"schema side† and the â€Å"healthy side†.            Schema therapy interventions are more experiential as well as emotion focused.            They can also be behavioral. Limited Re-parenting is one of the most distinctive and central areas in schema therapy.            According to Myers, 2004, p39, it is known to be the heart of treatment in schema therapy. Research has been conducted and it is clearly evident from the outcomes that; a relatively large percentage of those affected by this personality disorder can achieve full recovery across the complete range of symptoms.            The patients engaged in these studies attributed a great concern of the effectiveness of the treatment and the relatively low dropout rate to limited re-parenting. Limited re-parenting comprises of the establishment of a secure attachment via the therapist. A broadly conducted research supports that secure attachment is at the root of adaptive functioning, well-being as well as flourishing. Most of the maladaptive schemas are found to mainly relate to the state of generally unmet needs in the childhood as well as lack of appropriate relationships (Barlow, David 2001, p.28).            They are generally considered as a pattern of established unstable behaviors to the daily life situations. Maladaptive schemas can as well be bodily sensations associated with traumas.            They have an overall negative result, that is; a person may view him or herself in collaboration with difficulties thus establishing one’s true identity. The antisocial behaviors may also comprise of schema modes; which are found to be emotional states as well as ways of coping which every person must experience in one moment or another. Conducted researches have outcome that; those people who are suffering from antisocial personality disorders in most cases tend to be hypersensitive and may be greatly affected by a simple image or a word of offense (Gelfer, 1996, p.59).            This calls for a special and soft procedure to be developed so as to sort out the issue of antisocial disorders in a non-harassing manner thus more effective methods were adopted to deal with the antisocial disorders. The focus of limited re-parenting extends over a broad range of needs such as early connection, sufficient limits and autonomy. The schema therapy group of treatment resulted in significant reductions in the disorder’s symptoms and global improvement in functioning. A collaborative randomly controlled trial with 14 sites in six countries is further in progress to explore the productive interaction between groups and schema therapy.            Schema therapy is generally cost effective and is much more accurate as far as treatment of antisocial personality disorder is concerned. To conclude, the ultimate goal of schema therapy is to assist patients to have their core needs met. Multisystem Therapy            Furthermore, antisocial personality disorder can be treated using a method called Multisystem Therapy (MST); which is one of the most successful methods for the treatment.            This is an intensive, family-focused and community-based treatment technique for chronic as well as violent youth. This method is goal oriented with its objective being; to help caregivers manage and nurture their challenging adolescents in a much better manner (.Andrews, 1961, p.38).            Juvenile justice is one of the major forms of multisystem therapy; it deals with the problems of adolescents who have significant histories of committing crime. There are other systems whose task is to sort out the situations in other serious behavioral issues; for instance, drug abuse, abuse and neglect, as well as psychiatric disorders. The target goal for this method of treatment is to drastically reduce the antisocial behaviors as well as criminal activity amongst the youth. This is achieved at a relatively lower cost by reducing the rates of incarceration. Multisystem therapy empowers both the youth and the parents with the required skills as well as resources to facilitate independency and establish a way to deal with the complex environment as well as social problems. The method of multisystem therapy was specifically innovated to deal with adolescents’ antisocial behaviors. It typically aims at chronic as well as substance-abusing juvenile offenders aged between 12 and 17 years. This bracket of population is much more vulnerable to out-of-home placement.            Unlike other several methods of treatment where the affected person sees a therapist at a clinic; in multisystem therapy, the therapists go to the subject’s home and community (Levine, Gallogly, 1985, p.39).            This clearly explains why this method is preferred in the treatment to other methods (it has direct exposure to the environment of the affected person hence effective decisions can be made to address the problem. In the process of designing a treatment plan, the multisystem therapists collaborate with parents, caregivers and family members. The plan builds on the strengths of in the family members’ lives; which creates success environment during and after treatment.            Generally, the major obligations of multisystem therapy include:- Enhance family relations, Assist the affected person develop a vocation, Expose the youth to friends who deviate from the antisocial behaviors, Create a support network which in turn assist the caregivers maintain the changes, and advance on the caregivers’ parenting skills.            Conducted research has shown that, multisystem therapy is more effective as compared to other standard treatments. This has been supported by the follow-up studies made with the youth and families. This guarantees the long-term effectiveness of the multisystem therapy. This method of treating antisocial personality disorder has been found to be cost effective as noted from a broadly conducted research over a great extent of the world (.Paris, 1996, p.98). References Andrews, M. F. (1961). Creativity and psychological health;. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. Barlow, David H.. (2001). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: a step-by-step treatment manual. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, Print. Barron, Frank. (1963) Creativity and psychological health; origins of personal vitality and creative freedom.. New York: Van Nostrand, Print. Co-occurring conditions toolkit: mild traumatic brain injury and psychological health : concussion, posttraumatic stress, depression, chronic pain, headache, substance use disorder.. (2010). Washington, D.C.?: Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health Traumatic Brain Injury. Franz, M. (1993). Psychotherapy. Boston: Shambhala. Frownfelter, Donna L., and Elizabeth Dean. (2006). Cardiovascular and pulmonary physical therapy: evidence and practice. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier, Print. Gazzaniga, M.S., Heatherton, T.F. (2006). Psychological Science. New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc.[ Gelfer, M. P. (1996). Survey of communication disorders: a social and behavioral perspective. Gray, P. (1999). Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Kirk, S. A. (2005). Mental disorders in the social environment: critical perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press. Levine, B., Gallogly, V. (1985). Group therapy with alcoholics: outpatient and inpatient approaches. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Mann, J. John.(1989). Models of depressive disorders: psychological, biological, and genetic perspectives. New York: Plenum Press, Print. Myers, D. G. (2004). Psychology (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Paris, J. (1996). Social factors in the personality disorders: a biopsychosocial approach to etiology and treatment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vreeswijk, M. v., Broersen, J. (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy Theory, Research and Practice.. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Wade, C., Tavris, C. (2000). Psychology (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zarit, Steven H.. (1980) Aging and mental disorders: psychological approaches to assessment and treatment. New York: Free Press, Print. http://www.div12.org/PsychologicalTreatments/disorders.htmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/updates/2013/mental-disorders-as-brain-disorders-thomas-insel-at-tedxcaltech.shtml Source document

Debt and Trial Balance Essay Example for Free

Debt and Trial Balance Essay DRIVE PROGRAM SEMESTER SUBJECT CODE NAME BK ID CREDITS MARKS ASSIGNMENT WINTER 2013 MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ MBAN2/ PGDBAN2 1 MB0041 FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING B1624 4 60 Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Q. No Questions Marks Total Marks 1 Give the classification of Accounts according to accounting equation approach with its meaning and examples. Compare the traditional approach with modern approach of accounting equation approach. Analyze the transaction under traditional approach. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 20. 1. 2011 Paid salary Rs. 30,000 20. 1. 2011 Paid rent by cheque Rs. 8,000 21. 1. 2011 Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs. 5,000 25. 1. 2011 Paid an advance to suppliers of goods Rs. 1,00,000 26. 1. 2011 Received an advance from customers Rs. 3,00,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid interest on loan Rs. 5,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid instalment of loan Rs. 25,000 31. 1. 2011 Interest allowed by bank Rs. 8,000 Classification of accounting equation approach with meaning and examples Analysis of transaction –with accounts involved-nature of accountaffects and debit/credit 2 4 10 6 The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Chetan, a small businessman. Do you think it is correct? If not, rewrite it in the correct form. Debits Stock Purchases Returns outwards Rs. Credits 8250 Capital 12750 Sales 700 Returns inwards Rs. 10000 15900 1590 Discount received Wages and salaries Rent and rates Sundry debtors Bank Overdraft 800 2500 1850 7600 2450 Discount allowed Scooty Carriage charges Sundry creditors Bills payable 800 1750 700 7250 690 Journal entries of all the transactions Conclusion 3 6 10 4 From the given trial balance draft an Adjusted Trial Balance. Trial Balance as on 31. 03. 2011 Debit balances Furniture and Fittings Buildings Rs. Credit balances Rs. 10000 Bank Over Draft 16000 500000 Capital Account 400000 Sales Returns 1000 Purchase Returns 4000 Bad Debts 2000 Sundry Creditors 30000 Sundry Debtors 25000 Commission Purchases 90000 Sales Advertising 20000 Cash 10000 Taxes and Insurance 235000 5000 General Expenses 5000 7000 Salaries TOTAL 20000 690000 TOTAL 690000 Adjustments: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Charge depreciation at 10% on Buildings and Furniture and fittings. Write off further bad debts 1000 Taxes and Insurance prepaid 2000 Outstanding salaries 5000 Commission received in advance1000 Preparation of ledger accounts Preparation of trial balance 4 6 10 4 Compute trend ratios and comment on the financial performance of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from the following extract of its income statements of five years. (in Rs. Crore) Particulars 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 27,501 22,742 21,693 16,692 13,893 Operating Profit (PBIDT) 8,968 7,861 7,195 5,238 4,391 PAT from ordinary activities 6,835 6,218 5,988 4,659 3,856 Revenue (Source: Infosys Technologies Ltd. – Annual Report) Preparation of trend analysis Preparation of trend ratios 4 Conclusion 5 4 10 2 Give the meaning of cash flow analysis and put down the objectives of cash flow analysis. Explain the preparation of cash flow statement. Meaning of cash flow analysis Objectives of cash flow analysis 3 Explanation of preparation of cash flow analysis 6 2 10 5 Write the assumptions of marginal costing. Differentiate between absorption costing and marginal costing. Assumptions of marginal costing (all 7 points) 4 Differences of marginal and absorption costing (Includes all 8 6 points) 10

Examining The Sound Navigation Technique Of Sonar Engineering Essay

Examining The Sound Navigation Technique Of Sonar Engineering Essay Sonar means sound navigation and ranging is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in Submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect other vessels. Two types of technology share the name sonar: passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of targets in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydro acoustics History Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube.[citation needed] In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to echo locate underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. The worlds first patent for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British Patent Office by English meteorologist Lewis Richardson a month after the sinking of the Titanic, and a German physicist Alexander Behm obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913. Canadian Reginald Fessenden, while working for the Submarine Signal Company in Boston, built an experimental system beginning in 1912, a system later tested in Boston Harbor, and finally in 1914 from the U.S. Revenue (now Coast Guard) Cutter Miami on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Canada. In that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications (Morse Code) and echo ranging (detecting an iceberg at two miles (3 km) range). The so-called Fessenden oscillator, at ca. 500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the berg due to t he 3 meter wavelength and the small dimension of the transducers radiating face (less than 1 meter in diameter). The ten Montreal-built British H class submarines launched in 1915 were equipped with a Fessenden oscillator. During World War I the need to detect submarines prompted more research into the use of sound. The British made early use of underwater hydrophones, while the French physicist Paul Langevin, working with a Russian immigrant electrical engineer, Constantin Chilowski, worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915 using quartz. Although piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the electrostatic transducers they used, this work influenced future designs. Performance factors The detection, classification and localization performance of a sonar depends on the environment and the receiving equipment, as well as the transmitting equipment in an active sonar or the target radiated noise in a passive sonar. Sound propagation Sonar operation is affected by variations in sound speed, particularly in the vertical plane. Sound travels more slowly in fresh water than in sea water, though the difference is small. The speed is determined by the waters bulk modulus and mass density. The bulk modulus is affected by temperature, dissolved impurities (usually salinity), and pressure. The density effect is small. The speed of sound (in feet per second) is approximately: 4388 + (11.25 ÃÆ'- temperature (in  °F)) + (0.0182 ÃÆ'- depth (in feet)) + salinity (in parts-per-thousand ). This empirically derived approximation equation is reasonably accurate for normal temperatures, concentrations of salinity and the range of most ocean depths. Ocean temperature varies with depth, but at between 30 and 100 meters there is often a marked change, called the thermo cline, dividing the warmer surface water from the cold, still waters that make up the rest of the ocean. This can frustrate sonar, because a sound originating on one side of the thermo cline tends to be bent, or refracted, through the thermo cline. The thermo cline may be present in shallower coastal waters. However, wave action will often mix the water column and eliminate the thermo cline. Water pressure also affects sound propagation: higher pressure increases the sound speed, which causes the sound waves to refract away from the area of higher sound speed. The mathematical model of refraction is called Snells law. If the sound source is deep and the conditions are right, propagation may occur in the deep sound channel. This provides extremely low propagation loss to a receiver in the channel. This is because of sound trapping in the channel with no losses at the boundaries. Similar propagation can occur in the surface duct under suitable conditions. However in this case there are reflection losses at the surface. In shallow water propagation is generally by repeated reflection at the surface and bottom, where considerable losses can occur. Sound propagation is affected by absorption in the water itself as well as at the surface and bottom. This absorption depends upon frequency, with several different mechanisms in sea water. Long-range sonar uses low frequencies to minimize absorption effects. The sea contains many sources of noise that interfere with the desired target echo or signature. The main noise sources are waves and shipping. The motion of the receiver through the water can also cause speed-dependent low frequency noise. Scattering When active sonar is used, scattering occurs from small objects in the sea as well as from the bottom and surface. This can be a major source of interference. This acoustic scattering is analogous to the scattering of the light from a cars headlights in fog: a high-intensity pencil beam will penetrate the fog to some extent, but broader-beam headlights emit much light in unwanted directions, much of which is scattered back to the observer, overwhelming that reflected from the target (white-out). For analogous reasons active sonar needs to transmit in a narrow beam to minimize scattering. Target characteristics The sound reflection characteristics of the target of an active sonar, such as a submarine, are known as its target strength. A complication is that echoes are also obtained from other objects in the sea such as whales, wakes, schools of fish and rocks. Passive sonar detects the targets radiated noise characteristics. The radiated spectrum comprises a continuous spectrum of noise with peaks at certain frequencies which can be used for classification. Countermeasures 1) Active countermeasures may be launched by a submarine under attack to raise the noise level, provide a large false target, and obscure the signature of the submarine itself. 2) Passive countermeasures include: There is a mounting noise-generating device on isolating devices. We use a sound-absorbent coating on the hulls of submarines, for example anechoic tiles. Active sonarà   Active sonar uses a sound transmitter and a receiver. When the two are in the same place it is monostatic operation. When the transmitter and receiver are separated it is bistatic operation. When more transmitters (or more receivers) are used, again spatially separated, it is multistate operation. Most sonars are used monostatically with the same array often being used for transmission and reception. Active son buoy fields may be operated multistatically. Active sonar creates a pulse of sound, often called a ping, and then listens for reflections (echo) of the pulse. This pulse of sound is generally created electronically using a sonar Projector consisting of a signal generator, power amplifier and electro-acoustic transducer/array. A beam former is usually employed to concentrate the acoustic power into a beam, which may be swept to cover the required search angles. Generally, the electro-acoustic transducers are of the Tonpilz type and their design may be optimized to achieve maximum efficiency over the widest bandwidth, in order to optimize performance of the overall system. Occasionally, the acoustic pulse may be created by other means, e.g. (1) Chemically using explosives (2) Air guns (3) Plasma sound sources. To measure the distance to an object, the time from transmission of a pulse to reception is measured and converted into a range by knowing the speed of sound. To measure the bearing, several hydrophones are used, and the set measures the relative arrival time to each, or with an array of hydrophones, by measuring the relative amplitude in beams formed through a process called beam forming. Use of an array reduces the spatial response so that to provide wide cover multibeam systems are used. The targets signal (if present) together with noise is then passed through various forms of signal processing, which for simple sonars may be just energy measurement. It is then presented to some form of decision device that calls the output either the required signal or noise. This decision device may be an operator with headphones or a display, or in more sophisticated sonar this function may be carried out by software. Further processes may be carried out to classify the target and localize it, as well as measuring its velocity. The pulse may be at constant frequency or a chirp of changing frequency (to allow pulse compression on reception). Simple sonars generally use the former with a filter wide enough to cover possible Doppler changes due to target movement, while more complex ones generally include the latter technique. Since digital processing became available pulse compression has usually been implemented using digital correlation techniques. Military sonars often have multiple beams to provide all-round cover while simple ones only cover a narrow arc, although the beam may be rotated, relatively slowly, by mechanical scanning. Particularly when single frequency transmissions are used, the Doppler effect can be used to measure the radial speed of a target. The difference in frequency between the transmitted and received signal is measured and converted into a velocity. Since Doppler shifts can be introduced by either receiver or target motion, allowance has to be made for the radial speed of the searching platform. One of the useful small sonar is similar in appearance to a waterproof flashlight. The head is pointed into the water, a button is pressed, and the device displays the distance to the target. Another variant is a fish finder that shows a small display with shoals of fish. Some civilian sonars approach active military sonars in capability, with quite exotic three-dimensional displays of the area near the boat. When active sonar is used to measure the distance from the transducer to the bottom, it is known as echo sounding. Similar methods may be used looking upward for wave measurement. Active sonar is also used to measure distance through water between two sonar transducers or a combination of a hydrophone (underwater acoustic microphone) and projector (underwater acoustic speaker). A transducer is a device that can transmit and receive acoustic signals (pings). When a hydrophone/transducer receives a specific interrogation signal it responds by transmitting a specific reply signal. To measure distance, one transducer/projector transmits an interrogation signal and measures the time between this transmission and the receipt of the other transducer/hydrophone reply. The time difference, scaled by the speed of sound through water and divided by two, is the distance between the two platforms. This technique, when used with multiple transducers/hydrophones/projectors, can calculate the relative positions of static and moving objects in water. In combat situations, an active pulse can be detected by an opponent and will reveal a submarines position. A very directional, but low-efficiency, type of sonar makes use of a complex nonlinear feature of water known as non-linear sonar, the virtual transducer being known as a parametric array. Project ARTEMIS Project ARTEMIS was one-of-a-kind low-frequency sonar for surveillance that was deployed off Bermuda for several years in the early 1960s. The active portion was deployed from a World War II tanker, and the receiving array was a built into a fixed position on an offshore bank. Transponder This is an active sonar device that receives a stimulus and immediately retransmits the received signal or a predetermined one. Passive sonar Passive sonar listens without transmitting. It is often employed in military settings, although it is also used in science applications, e.g., detecting fish for presence/absence studies in various aquatic environments see also passive acoustics and passive radar. In the very broadest usage, this term can encompass virtually any analytical technique involving remotely generated sound, though it is usually restricted to techniques applied in an aquatic environment. Identifying sound sources Passive sonar has a wide variety of techniques for identifying the source of a detected sound. For example, U.S. vessels usually operate 60 Hz alternating current power systems. If transformers or generators are mounted without proper vibration insulation from the hull or become flooded, the 60 Hz sound from the windings can be emitted from the submarine or ship. This can help to identify its nationality, as most European submarines have 50 Hz power systems. Intermittent sound sources (such as a wrench being dropped) may also be detectable to passive sonar. Until fairly recently, an experienced trained operator identified signals, but now computers may do this. Passive sonar systems may have large sonic databases, but the sonar operator usually finally classifies the signals manually. A computer system frequently uses these databases to identify classes of ships, actions (i.e. the speed of a ship, or the type of weapon released), and even particular ships. Publications for classification of sounds are provided by and continually updated by the US Office of Naval Intelligence. Noise limitations Passive sonar on vehicles is usually severely limited because of noise generated by the vehicle. For this reason, many submarines operate nuclear reactors that can be cooled without pumps, using silent convection, or fuel cells or batteries, which can also run silently. Vehicles propellers are also designed and precisely machined to emit minimal noise. High-speed propellers often create tiny bubbles in the water, and these cavitations have a distinct sound. The sonar hydrophones may be towed behind the ship or submarine in order to reduce the effect of noise generated by the watercraft itself. Towed units also combat the thermo cline, as the unit may be towed above or below the thermo cline. The display of most passive sonars used to be a two-dimensional waterfall display. The horizontal direction of the display is bearing. The vertical is frequency, or sometimes time. Another display technique is to color-code frequency-time information for bearing. More recent displays are generated by the computers, and mimic radar-type plan position indicator displays. Performance prediction Unlike active sonar, only one way propagation is involved. Because of the different signal processing used, the minimum detectable signal to noise ratio will be different. The equation for determining the performance of passive sonar is: SL à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ TL = NL à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ DI + DT where SL is the source level, TL is the transmission loss, NL is the noise level, DI is the directivity index of the array (an approximation to the array gain) and DT is the detection threshold. The figure of merit of passive sonar is: FOM = SL + DI à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (NL + DT). Warfare Modern naval warfare makes extensive use of both passive and active sonar from water-borne vessels, aircraft and fixed installations. The relative usefulness of active versus passive sonar depends on the radiated noise characteristics of the target, generally a submarine. Although in WW II active sonar was used by surface craft-submarines avoided emitting pings which revealed their presence and position-with the advent of modern signal-processing passive sonar became preferred for initial detection. Submarines were then designed for quieter operation, and active sonar is now more used. In 1987 a division of Japanese company Toshiba reportedly sold machinery to the Soviet Union that allowed it to mill submarine propeller blades so that they became radically quieter, creating a huge security issue with their newer generation of submarines. Active sonar gives the exact bearing to a target, and sometimes the range. Active sonar works the same way as radar: a signal is emitted. The sound wave then travels in many directions from the emitting object. When it hits an object, the sound wave is then reflected in many other directions. Some of the energy will travel back to the emitting source. The echo will enable the sonar system or technician to calculate, with many factors such as the frequency, the energy of the received signal, the depth, the water temperature, the position of the reflecting object, etc. Active sonar is used when the platform commander determines that it is more important to determine the position of a possible threat submarine than it is to conceal his own position. With surface ships it might be assumed that the threat is already tracking the ship with satellite data. Any vessel around the emitting sonar will detect the emission. Having heard the signal, it is easy to identify the sonar equipment used and its position. Active sonar is similar to radar in that, while it allows detection of targets at a certain range, it also enables the emitter to be detected at a far greater range, which is undesirable. Since active sonar reveals the presence and position of the operator, and does not allow exact classification of targets, it is used by fast (planes, helicopters) and by noisy platforms but rarely by submarines. When active sonar is used by surface ships or submarines, it is typically activated very briefly at intermittent periods to minimize the risk of detection. Consequently active sonar is normally considered a backup to passive sonar. In aircraft, active sonar is used in the form of disposable son buoys that are dropped in the aircrafts patrol area or in the vicinity of possible enemy sonar contacts. Passive sonar has several advantages. Most importantly, it is silent. If the target radiated noise level is high enough, it can have a greater range than active sonar, and allows the target to be identified. Since any motorized object makes some noise, it may in principle be detected, depending on the level of noise emitted and the ambient noise level in the area, as well as the technology used. To simplify, passive sonar sees around the ship using it. On a submarine, nose-mounted passive sonar detects in directions of about 270 °, centered on the ships alignment, the hull-mounted array of about 160 ° on each side, and the towed array of a full 360 °. The invisible areas are due to the ships own interference. Once a signal is detected in a certain direction (which means that something makes sound in that direction, this is called broadband detection) it is possible to zoom in and analyze the signal received (narrowband analysis). This is generally done using a Fourier transform to show the different frequencies making up the sound. Since every engine makes a specific sound, it is straightforward to identify the object. Databases of unique engine sounds are part of what is known as acoustic intelligence or ACINT. Another use of passive sonar is to determine the targets trajectory. This process is called Target Motion Analysis (TMA), and the resultant solution is the targets range, course, and speed. TMA is done by marking from which direction the sound comes at different times, and comparing the motion with that of the operators own ship. Changes in relative motion are analyzed using standard geometrical techniques along with some assumptions about limiting cases. Passive sonar is stealthy and very useful. However, it requires high-tech electronic components and is costly. It is generally deployed on expensive ships in the form of arrays to enhance detection. Surface ships use it to good effect; it is even better used by submarines, and it is also used by airplanes and helicopters, mostly to a surprise effect, since submarines can hide under thermal layers. If a submarines commander believes he is alone, he may bring his boat closer to the surface and be easier to detect, or go deeper and faster, and thus make sounder. Examples of sonar applications in military use are given below. Many of the civil uses given in the following section may also be applicable to naval use. Anti-submarine warfare Variable Depth Sonar and its winch until recently, ship sonars were usually with hull mounted arrays, either amidships or at the bow. It was soon found after their initial use that a means of reducing flow noise was required. The first were made of canvas on a framework, and then steel ones were used. Now domes are usually made of reinforced plastic or pressurized rubber. Such sonars are primarily active in operation. An example of conventional hull mounted sonar is the SQS-56. Because of the problems of ship noise, towed sonars are also used. These also have the advantage of being able to be placed deeper in the water. However, there are limitations on their use in shallow water. These are called towed arrays (linear) or variable depth sonars (VDS) with 2/3D arrays. A problem is that the winches required to deploy/recover these are large and expensive. VDS sets are primarily active in operation while towed arrays are passive. An example of a modern active/passive ship towed sonar is Sonar 2087 made by Thales Underwater Systems. Torpedoes Modern torpedoes are generally fitted with active/passive sonar. This may be used to home directly on the target, but wake following torpedoes are also used. An early example of an acoustic homer was the Mark 37 torpedo. Torpedo countermeasures can be towed or free. An early example was the German Sieglinde device while the Pillenwerfer was a chemical device. A widely used US device was the towed Nixie while MOSS submarine simulator was a free device. A modern alternative to the Nixie system is the UK Royal Navy S2170 Surface Ship Torpedo Defense system. Mines Mines may be fitted with a sonar to detect, localize and recognize the required target. Further information is given in acoustic mine and an example is the CAPTOR mine. Mine countermeasures Mine Countermeasure (MCM) Sonar, sometimes called Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (MOAS), is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects. Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design. An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2193 while the SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar and Type 2093 systems are VDS designs. See also Minesweeper (ship) Submarine navigation Submarines rely on sonar to a greater extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar at depth. The sonar arrays may be hull mounted or towed. Information fitted on typical fits is given in Yoshiro class submarine and Swift sure class submarine. Aircraft Helicopters can be used for antisubmarine warfare by deploying fields of active/passive son buoys or can operate dipping sonar, such as the AQS-13. Fixed wing aircraft can also deploy son buoys and have greater endurance and capacity to deploy them. Processing from the son buoys or dipping sonar can be on the aircraft or on ship. Helicopters have also been used for mine countermeasure missions using towed sonars such as the AQS-20A Ocean surveillance For many years, the United States operated a large set of passive sonar arrays at various points in the worlds oceans, collectively called Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and later Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS). A similar system is believed to have been operated by the Soviet Union. As permanently mounted arrays in the deep ocean were utilized, they were in very quiet conditions so long ranges could be achieved. Signal processing was carried out using powerful computers ashore. With the ending of the Cold War a SOSUS array has been turned over to scientific use. Underwater security Sonar can be used to detect frogmen and other scuba divers. This can be applicable around ships or at entrances to ports. Active sonar can also be used as a deterrent and/or disablement mechanism. One such device is the Cerberus system. Hand-held sonar Limpet Mine Imaging Sonar (LIMIS) is hand-held or ROV-mounted imaging sonar designed for patrol divers (combat frogmen or clearance divers) to look for limpet mines in low visibility water. The LUIS is imaging sonar for use by a diver. Integrated Navigation Sonar System (INSS) is small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers that display range. Intercept sonar This is sonar designed to detect and locate the transmissions from hostile active sonars. An example of this is the Type 2082 fitted on the British Vanguard class submarines. Uses in daily life Fisheries Fishing is an important industry that is seeing growing demand, but world catch tonnage is falling as a result of serious resource problems. The industry faces a future of continuing worldwide consolidation until a point of sustainability can be reached. However, the consolidation of the fishing fleets are driving increased demands for sophisticated fish finding electronics such as sensors, sounders and sonars. Historically, fishermen have used many different techniques to find and harvest fish. However, acoustic technology has been one of the most important driving forces behind the development of the modern commercial fisheries. Sound waves travel differently through fish than through water because a fishs air-filled swim bladder has a different density than seawater. This density difference allows the detection of schools of fish by using reflected sound. Acoustic technology is especially well suited for underwater applications since sound travels farther and faster underwater than in air. Today, commercial fishing vessels rely almost completely on acoustic sonar and sounders to detect fish. Fishermen also use active sonar and echo sounder technology to determine water depth, bottom contour, and bottom composition. Cabin display of fish finder sonar Companies such as Ray marine UK makes a variety of sonar and acoustic instruments for the deep sea commercial fishing industry. For example, net sensors take various underwater measurements and transmit the information back to a receiver onboard a vessel. Each sensor is equipped with one or more acoustic transducers depending on its specific function. Data is transmitted from the sensors using wireless acoustic telemetry and is received by a hull mounted hydrophone. The analog signals are decoded and converted by a digital acoustic receiver into data which is transmitted to a bridge computer for graphical display on a high resolution monitor. Echo sounding An echo-sounder sends an acoustic pulse directly downwards to the seabed and records the returned echo. The sound pulse is generated by a transducer that emits an acoustic pulse and then listens for the return signal. The time for the signal to return is recorded and converted to a depth measurement by calculating the speed of sound in water. As the speed of sound in water is around 1,500 meters per second, the time interval, measured in milliseconds, between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, allows bottom depth and targets to be measured. The value of underwater acoustics to the fishing industry has led to the development of other acoustic instruments that operate in a similar fashion to echo-sounders but, because their function is slightly different from the initial model of the echo-sounder, have been given different terms. Net location The net sounder is an echo sounder with a transducer mounted on the headline of the net rather than on the bottom of the vessel. Nevertheless, to accommodate the distance from the transducer to the display unit, which is much greater than in a normal echo-sounder, several refinements have to be made. Two main types are available. The first is the cable type in which the signals are sent along a cable. In this case there has to be the provision of a cable drum on which to haul, shoot and stow the cable during the different phases of the operation. The second type is the cable less net-sounder such as Marports Trawl Explorer in which the signals are sent acoustically between the net and hull mounted receiver/hydrophone on the vessel. In this case no cable drum is required but sophisticated electronics are needed at the transducer and receiver. The display on a net sounder shows the distance of the net from the bottom (or the surface), rather than the depth of water as with the echo-sounders hull-mounted transducer. Fixed to the headline of the net, the footrope can usually be seen which gives an indication of the net performance. Any fish passing into the net can also be seen, allowing fine adjustments to be made to catch the most fish possible. In other fisheries, where the amount of fish in the net is important, catch sensor transducers are mounted at various positions on the cod-end of the net. As the cod-end fills up these catch sensor transducers are triggered one by one and this information is transmitted acoustically to display monitors on the bridge of the vessel. The skipper can then decide when to haul the net. Modern versions of the net sounder, using multiple element transducers, function more like sonar than an echo sounder and show slices of the area in front of the net and not merely the vertical view that the initial net sounders used. The sonar is an echo-sounder with a directional capability that can show fish or other objects around the vessel good Ship velocity measurement Sonars have been developed for measuring a ships velocity either relative to the water or to the bottom. Scientific applicationsà   Biomass estimation Detection of fish, and other marine and aquatic life, and estimation their individual sizes or total biomass using active sonar techniques. As the sound pulse travels through water it encounters objects that are of different density or acoustic characteristics than the surrounding medium, such as fish, that reflect sound back toward the sound source. These echoes provide information on fish size, location, abundance and behavior. Data is usually processed and analyzed using a variety of software such as Echo view. Wave measurement An upward looking echo sounder mounted on the bottom or on a platform may be used to make measurements of wave height and period. From this statistics of the surface conditions at a location can be derived. Water velocity measurem

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays -- essays research p

1984 Truth In George Orwell’s â€Å"1984† society is manipulated and guided by an organization called the Party and an anonymous figure named Big Brother, who is used as God. One of the main aspects the Party controls is truth or tries to control is truths in the society and the truth in the minds of the individual themselves. The Party creates what they want to be true to make the individuals ignorant so they can manipulate them easier. This twist of the truth by the Party makes it seem like truth doesn’t actually exist, but for Winston it does exist or it once did. Truth does exist if the individual is rebellious to the extent to where it will not get them vaporized and Winston is one of those rebels. He and others are able to experience the idea of truth mainly mentally or psychologically to better please themselves, but when the Party captures him his sense of rebellion is taken from him. When his rebelliousness is loss he loses his more vulnerable to the brainwashing o f the Party. Unlike the others in the society who have fallen by the Party’s waist side Winston tries to maintain his own true identity. The Party needs to mold and shape these people so they are able to go through with their plans of ultimate control of all aspects of a persons life. They want no kind of individualism because of the fear of rebellion, which is what Winston has conformed to. He upholds his identity with his diary. He expresses himself and allows his thought to come out more freely. Winston knows that he is breaking the law of the Party and is afraid, but he still does it. â€Å"Whether he wrote DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER, or whether he refrained†¦He had committed—would still have committed†¦Thoughtcrime they called it.(19)† Thoughtcrime is a fear the Party is able to put in the individuals mine. This crime is another hinderer of the Party to keep individuals minds locked in the state they want them to be in, to keep the truth in their identity and the en vironment around them in a locked state and the Party and Big Brother are the only ones with the key. The Party operates society into thinking they need the Party because they need to get into what the Party has for them, which is nothing but control, and since the Party is the suppose to be the key society must come through them. Winston is unable to refrain from committing thoughtcrime and lessening his self to believe what the Party has... ...him and that is compassion and love for his family. Winston continuously denies that he could not give Julia away like that. When Winston’s torture begins he hold out for an extensive amount of time but when Obrien uses one of his greatest fears, which is of rats, against him he sacrifices Julia and himself to the Party. After makes this sacrifice it is like he has died so he has no reason fight anymore. He gives his identity up and the truth he once new over to the ideas of the Party and is changed into another full blown Outer Party member. After Winston had lost all he lived for and was nothing more. Truth did once exist with Winston with his rebellious ways. He longed for having his own identity and he was almost successful. He was able to experience the idea of truth mainly in his mind but he did get the satisfaction from that. The Party wanted and needed to make the identity they wanted for all. They did this because they wanted power. In the beginning Winston was not going to fall into their trap but he became quite careless with his trust in other and was captured with his love Julia. After the use of torture and mind interference he was finally broken and lost his self.